policy_

A basic office visit code costs $28.48 under Medicare, not because of market rates, but because a committee assigns relative value units to time and risk.

The efficiency gap measures wasted votes—excess wins and lost losses—to quantify whether a district map favors one party beyond natural variation.

A $1.2 trillion score is a 10-year projection against current law, not a cash demand in a single fiscal year.

The Federal Aviation Administration certifies aircraft to promote commerce, while the National Transportation Safety Board investigates accidents to prevent recurrence, creating a structural conflict where safety recommendations often lag behind regulatory approval.

The Executive Office for Immigration Review reports a backlog of 3.7 million cases, and judges answer to the Attorney General, not the Chief Justice.

The Supreme Court receives roughly 7,000 cert petitions annually but grants review to only 70, filtering cases through a discretionary funnel defined by Rule 10.

The 5G airport rule timeline reveals how the Administrative Procedure Act, OMB review, and public-comment periods create a 40-to-80-month gap between proposal and enforcement.

A 7% per-country cap and 140,000 annual visas create a queue of 800,000 Indian applicants, resulting in a wait time of over a century.

Of the 10,000+ bills introduced each Congress, fewer than 300 become law. Here is where the attrition happens at each stage.

The FTC and DOJ review mergers using the Hart-Scott-Rodino filing and HHI concentration indices to decide if a deal blocks competition.